● Hylemon PB,Wells Jr JS,Krieg NR,Jannasch HW (1973). The genus Spirillum: A taxonomic study. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 23, 340-380.
● Williams MA,Rittenberg SC (1957). A taxonomic study of the genus Spirillum Ehrenberg. Int. Bull. Bacteriol. Nomencl. Taxon. 7, 49-112.